The Study of Chinese Language Literature Art and History Is Called

Written piece of work of fine art

The Tale of Genji, Beowulf, Epic of Gilgamesh, Pāli Canon, The Grapes of Wrath, Things Fall Autonomously, War and Peace, One Yard and 1 Nights, Cien Años de Soledad, Dresden Codex, Xiping Stone Classics

Literature broadly is any collection of written work, but it is also used more than narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and verse.^[i] In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed.^[2] Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting noesis and entertainment, and tin also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role.

Literature, as an art form, tin too include works in various non-fiction genres, such equally biography, diaries, memoir, letters, and the essay. Inside its broad definition, literature includes not-fictional books, articles or other printed data on a particular bailiwick.^{[three] [4]}

Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura "learning, a writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from litera/littera "letter".^[5] In spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts.^{[6] [7]} Developments in impress technology accept allowed an ever-growing distribution and proliferation of written works, which now includes electronic literature.

Literature is classified according to whether it is poetry, prose or drama, and such works are categorized co-ordinate to historical periods, or their adherence to sure aesthetic features, or genre.

Definitions [edit]

Definitions of literature accept varied over fourth dimension.^[eight] In Western Europe, prior to the 18th century, literature denoted all books and writing literature can be seen every bit returning to older, more inclusive notions, so that cultural studies, for case, include, in addition to approved works, popular and minority genres. The word is as well used in reference non-written works: to "oral literature" and "the literature of preliterate culture".

A value judgment definition of literature considers it every bit consisting solely of high quality writing that forms part of the belles-lettres ("fine writing") tradition.^[9] An example of this in the (1910–11) Encyclopædia Britannica that classified literature as "the all-time expression of the all-time thought reduced to writing".^[10]

History [edit]

Oral literature [edit]

The use of the term "literature" here is a little problematic because of its origins in the Latin littera, "letter," substantially writing. Alternatives such every bit "oral forms" and "oral genres" have been suggested but the word literature is widely used.^[11]

Oral literature is an ancient human being tradition found in "all corners of the earth".^[12] Modern archaeology has been unveiling bear witness of the human efforts to preserve and transmit arts and cognition that depended completely or partially on an oral tradition, across various cultures:

The Judeo-Christian Bible reveals its oral traditional roots; medieval European manuscripts are penned past performing scribes; geometric vases from primitive Greece mirror Homer's oral style. (...) Indeed, if these terminal decades of the millennium have taught usa anything, information technology must be that oral tradition never was the other we accused it of existence; it never was the archaic, preliminary technology of communication we thought it to be. Rather, if the whole truth is told, oral tradition stands out equally the single about ascendant communicative engineering of our species as both a historical fact and, in many areas still, a contemporary reality.^[12]

The primeval poesy is believed to take been recited or sung, employed as a manner of remembering history, genealogy, and law.^[13]

In Asia, the transmission of folklore, mythologies as well equally scriptures in ancient India, in different Indian religions, was by oral tradition, preserved with precision with the assistance of elaborate mnemonic techniques.^[xiv]

The early Buddhist texts are also more often than not believed to exist of oral tradition, with the showtime by comparison inconsistencies in the transmitted versions of literature from various oral societies such as the Greek, Serbia and other cultures, then noting that the Vedic literature is too consequent and vast to have been composed and transmitted orally across generations, without beingness written down.^{[ commendation needed ]} According to Goody, the Vedic texts probable involved both a written and oral tradition, calling information technology a "parallel products of a literate society".^{[ citation needed ]}

Australian Aboriginal culture has thrived on oral traditions and oral histories passed down through thousands of years. In a report published in Feb 2020, new evidence showed that both Budj Bim and Tower Hill volcanoes erupted between 34,000 and 40,000 years ago.^[15] Significantly, this is a "minimum age constraint for human presence in Victoria", and also could be interpreted as evidence for the oral histories of the Gunditjmara people, an Ancient Australian people of south-western Victoria, which tell of volcanic eruptions being some of the oldest oral traditions in existence.^[16] An axe found underneath volcanic ash in 1947 had already proven that humans inhabited the region before the eruption of Tower Colina.^[15]

All ancient Greek literature was to some caste oral in nature, and the primeval literature was completely so.^[17] Homer's epic poesy, states Michael Gagarin, was largely composed, performed and transmitted orally.^[18] As folklores and legends were performed in front of distant audiences, the singers would substitute the names in the stories with local characters or rulers to give the stories a local flavour and thus connect with the audience, but making the historicity embedded in the oral tradition as unreliable.^[19] The lack of surviving texts almost the Greek and Roman religious traditions take led scholars to presume that these were ritualistic and transmitted as oral traditions, but some scholars disagree that the complex rituals in the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations were an exclusive product of an oral tradition.^[20]

Writing systems are not known to have existed among Native Northward Americans before contact with Europeans. Oral storytelling traditions flourished in a context without the utilise of writing to record and preserve history, scientific cognition, and social practices.^[21] While some stories were told for amusement and leisure, almost functioned equally practical lessons from tribal feel applied to immediate moral, social, psychological, and environmental issues.^[22] Stories fuse fictional, supernatural, or otherwise exaggerated characters and circumstances with real emotions and morals as a means of didactics. Plots ofttimes reverberate real life situations and may be aimed at particular people known by the story's audience. In this way, social pressure could be exerted without directly causing embarrassment or social exclusion.^[23] For instance, rather than yelling, Inuit parents might deter their children from wandering too close to the water's edge by telling a story about a sea monster with a pouch for children within its reach.^[24]

Meet as well African literature#Oral literature

Oratory [edit]

Oratory or the art of public speaking "was for long considered a literary fine art".^[3] From Ancient Greece to the tardily 19th century, rhetoric played a central role in Western teaching in training orators, lawyers, counsellors, historians, statesmen, and poets.^{[25] [annotation 1]}

Writing [edit]

Effectually the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and assistants in Mesopotamia outgrew man retentivity, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form.^[27] Though in both ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica, writing may have already emerged because of the demand to record historical and environmental events. Subsequent innovations included more uniform, predictable, legal systems, sacred texts, and the origins of modernistic practices of scientific inquiry and noesis-consolidation, all largely reliant on portable and easily reproducible forms of writing.

Early written literature [edit]

Ancient Egyptian literature,^[28] forth with Sumerian literature, are considered the earth's oldest literatures.^[29] The primary genres of the literature of ancient Egypt—didactic texts, hymns and prayers, and tales—were written almost entirely in poetry;^[30] By the Old Kingdom (26th century BC to 22nd century BC), literary works included funerary texts, epistles and letters, hymns and poems, and commemorative autobiographical texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials. It was not until the early Middle Kingdom (21st century BC to 17th century BC) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created.^[31]

Many works of early periods, even in narrative grade, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra.200 BC – 300 AD, based on older oral tradition.^{[32] [33]} Drama and satire also adult as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (every bit opposed to epic poetry) was oftentimes the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in Eastern asia where songs were nerveless by the Chinese elite as poems, the most notable existence the Shijing or Book of Songs (1046–c.600 BC), .^{[34] [35] [36]}

In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agronomics, and poetry. China, the origin of modernistic newspaper making and woodblock press, produced the world's get-go print cultures.^[37] Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769‒269 BC).^[38] The about important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, also as works of military machine scientific discipline (e.yard. Sun Tzu's The Fine art of War, c.fifth century BC)) and Chinese history (eastward.k. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, c.94 BC). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy accent on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary slice of narrative history of aboriginal People's republic of china was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no afterward than 389 BC, and attributed to the bullheaded fifth-century BC historian Zuo Qiuming.^[39]

In aboriginal Bharat, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early on genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500–chiliad BC, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Historic period India.^{[40] [41]} The Vedas are amid the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) appointment to roughly 1500–yard BC, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, every bit well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. thou‒500 BC, resulting in a Vedic menstruum, spanning the mid-2nd to mid 1st millennium BC, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age.^[42] The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the ii most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata ^{[43] [44]} and the Ramayana,^[45] with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD. Other major literary works are Ramcharitmanas^[46] & Krishnacharitmanas.

The earliest known Greek writings are Mycenaean (c.1600–1100 BC), written in the Linear B syllabary on dirt tablets. These documents incorporate prosaic records largely concerned with trade (lists, inventories, receipts, etc.); no existent literature has been discovered.^{[47] [48]} Michael Ventris and John Chadwick, the original decipherers of Linear B, state that literature virtually certainly existed in Mycenaean Hellenic republic,^[48] only it was either non written down or, if information technology was, it was on parchment or wooden tablets, which did non survive the destruction of the Mycenaean palaces in the twelfth century BC.^[48] Homer's, epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, are central works of aboriginal Greek literature. It is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BC.^[49] Modern scholars consider these accounts legendary.^{[50] [51] [52]} Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally.^[53] From antiquity until the present day, the influence of Homeric ballsy on Western culture has been great, inspiring many of its nearly famous works of literature, music, fine art and picture.^[54] The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education; to Plato, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Hellenic republic" – ten Hellada pepaideuken.^{[55] [56]} Hesiod's Works and Days (c.700 BC) and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato (428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho (c. 630 – c. 570 BC) and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus (c. 484 – c. 425 BC) ) and Thucydides were early on Greek historians. Although drama was popular in ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical historic period, but a limited number of plays by iii authors withal exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes (c. 446 – c. 386 BC) provide the just real examples of a genre of comic drama known every bit Old Comedy, the earliest grade of Greek One-act, and are in fact used to ascertain the genre.^[57]

The Hebrew religious text, the Torah, is widely seen as a product of the Persian period (539–333 BC, probably 450–350 BC).^[58] This consensus echoes a traditional Jewish view which gives Ezra, the leader of the Jewish community on its return from Babylon, a pivotal office in its promulgation.^[59] This represents a major source of Christianity's Bible, which has been a major influence on Western literature.^[60]

The beginning of Roman literature dates to 240 BC, when a Roman audience saw a Latin version of a Greek play.^[61] Literature in latin would flourish for the adjacent six centuries, and includes essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings.

The Qur'an (610 AD to 632 Advertisement)^[62] ), the master holy book of Islam, had a significant influence on the Arab language, and marked the beginning of Islamic literature. Muslims believe it was transcribed in the Arabic dialect of the Quraysh, the tribe of Muhammad.^{[23] [63]} As Islam spread, the Quran had the issue of unifying and standardizing Arabic.^[23]

Theological works in Latin were the ascendant form of literature in Europe typically found in libraries during the Middle Ages. Western Vernacular literature includes the Poetic Edda and the sagas, or heroic epics, of Iceland, the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, and the German language Song of Hildebrandt. A later form of medieval fiction was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal.^[64]

Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the European Renaissance as a result of the Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press^[65] around 1440, while the Medieval romance adult into the novel,^[66]

Publishing [edit]

Publishing became possible with the invention of writing, but became more than practical with the invention of printing. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by scribes.

The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng fabricated movable blazon of earthenware c. 1045. Then c.1450, separately Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in Europe. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce and more than widely available.

Early printed books, unmarried sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could expect back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight meg books had been printed, more mayhap than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."^[67]

Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The history of modern newspaper publishing started in Deutschland in 1609, with publishing of magazines following in 1663.

Academy discipline [edit]

In England [edit]

In England in the late 1820s, growing political and social awareness, "particularly amidst the utilitarians and Benthamites, promoted the possibility of including courses in English literary written report in the newly formed London Academy". This further adult into the idea of the study of literature being "the ideal carrier for the propagation of the humanist cultural myth of a welleducated, culturally harmonious nation".^[68]

America [edit]

American Literature (academic field of study)

Women and literature [edit]

The widespread education of women was non mutual until the nineteenth century, and because of this literature until recently was generally male dominated.^[69]

George Sand was an idea. She has a unique place in our age.
Others are swell men ... she was a great woman.

Victor Hugo, Les funérailles de George Sand ^[lxx]

There are few women poets writing in English language, whose names are remembered, until the twentieth century. In the nineteenth century some names that stand out are Emily Brontë, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Emily Dickinson (run into American poesy). But while generally women are absent from the European cannon of Romantic literature, there is ane notable exception, the French novelist and memoirist Amantine Dupin (1804 – 1876) best known by her pen name George Sand.^{[71] [72]} One of the more popular writers in Europe in her lifetime,^[73] being more renowned than both Victor Hugo and Honoré de Balzac in England in the 1830s and 1840s,^[74] Sand is recognised as i of the most notable writers of the European Romantic era. Jane Austen (1775 – 1817) is the kickoff major English adult female novelist, while Aphra Behn is an early female dramatist.

Nobel Prizes in Literature have been awarded betwixt 1901 and 2022 to 117 individuals: 101 men and sixteen women. Selma Lagerlöf (1858 – 1940) was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she was awarded in 1909. Additionally, she was the first woman to be granted a membership in The Swedish University in 1914.^[75]

Feminist scholars take since the twentieth century sought aggrandize the literary catechism to include more women writers.

Children's literature [edit]

A divide genre of children's literature but began to emerge in the eighteenth century, with the development of the concept of babyhood.^{[76] : 10–xi} The earliest of these books were educational books, books on conduct, and simple ABCs—often decorated with animals, plants, and anthropomorphic letters.^[77]

Aesthetics [edit]

Literary theory [edit]

A primal question of literary theory is "what is literature?" – although many contemporary theorists and literary scholars believe either that "literature" cannot be divers or that it tin can refer to any use of linguistic communication.^[78]

Literary fiction [edit]

Literary fiction is a term used to depict fiction that explores any facet of the human status, and may involve social commentary. It is often regarded as having more creative merit than genre fiction, especially the about commercially oriented types, but this has been contested in recent years, with the serious study of genre fiction within universities.^[79]

The following, past the award-winning British author William Boyd on the short story, might be applied to all prose fiction:

[brusque stories] seem to answer something very deep in our nature as if, for the duration of its telling, something special has been created, some essence of our experience extrapolated, some temporary sense has been made of our common, turbulent journey towards the grave and oblivion.^[80]

The very best in literature is annually recognized by the Nobel Prize in Literature, which is awarded to an writer from whatever country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the nigh outstanding work in an platonic management" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning).^{[81] [82]}

The value of imaginative literature [edit]

Some researchers suggest that literary fiction can play a role in an private's psychological development.^[83] Psychologists have also been using literature as a therapeutic tool.^{[84] [85]} Psychologist Hogan argues for the value of the time and emotion that a person devotes to understanding a character's situation in literature;^[86] that it can unite a large community by provoking universal emotions, likewise as allowing readers admission to different cultures, and new emotional experiences.^[87] 1 report, for example, suggested that the presence of familiar cultural values in literary texts played an important bear upon on the performance of minority students.^[88]

Psychologist Maslow's ideas help literary critics understand how characters in literature reverberate their personal civilisation and the history.^[89] The theory suggests that literature helps an individual's struggle for cocky-fulfilment.^{[90] [91]}

The influence of religious texts [edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by calculation to information technology. (Nov 2020)

Religion has had a major influence on literature, through works like the Vedas, the Torah, the Bible,^[92] and the Qur'an.^{[93] [94] [95]}

The King James Version of the Bible has been chosen "the most influential version of the about influential book in the world, in what is now its near influential language", "the near important volume in English religion and culture", and "the nearly celebrated book in the English-speaking world"^{[ citation needed ]} - principally because of its literary style and widespread distribution. Prominent atheist figures such as the late Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the Male monarch James Version as being "a behemothic step in the maturing of English literature" and "a swell work of literature", respectively, with Dawkins then adding, "A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian".^{[96] [97]}

Societies in which preaching has great importance, and those in which religious structures and authorities have a near-monopoly of reading and writing and/or a censorship part, may impart a religious gloss to much of the literature those societies produce or retain - every bit for example in the European Middle Ages. The traditions of shut report of religious texts has furthered the development of techniques and theories in literary studies.

Types of literature [edit]

Poetry [edit]

Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its greater use of the aesthetic qualities of linguistic communication, including musical devices such as assonance, ingemination, rhyme, and rhythm, and by existence prepare in lines and verses rather than paragraphs, and more recently its employ of other typographical elements.^{[98] [99] [100]} This stardom is complicated by various hybrid forms such as sound poetry, physical poetry and prose poem,^[101] and more than generally by the fact that prose possesses rhythm.^[102] Abram Lipsky refers to it as an "open underground" that "prose is not distinguished from poetry by lack of rhythm".^[103]

Prior to the 19th century, poetry was ordinarily understood to be something ready in metrical lines: "whatever kind of subject consisting of Rhythm or Verses".^[98] Mayhap as a result of Aristotle'south influence (his Poetics), "verse" before the 19th century was usually less a technical designation for poetry than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.^{[ description needed ] [104]} Every bit a grade it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works existence composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;^{[105] [106]} hence it constitutes the primeval example of literature.

Prose [edit]

As noted above, prose generally makes far less use of the aesthetic qualities of linguistic communication than poesy.^{[99] [100] [107]} However, developments in modern literature, including gratuitous verse and prose verse have tended to blur the differences, and American poet T.S. Eliot suggested that while: "the stardom between poetry and prose is clear, the distinction betwixt poesy and prose is obscure".^[108] At that place are verse novels, a type of narrative poesy in which a novel-length narrative is told through the medium of poetry rather than prose. Eugene Onegin (1831) by Alexander Pushkin is the nigh famous example.^[109]

On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that "[In the case of aboriginal Hellenic republic] recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a insufficiently belatedly development, an "invention" properly associated with the classical flow".^[110]

Latin was a major influence on the evolution of prose in many European countries. Peculiarly important was the great Roman orator Cicero.^[111] It was the lingua franca among literate Europeans until quite contempo times, and the cracking works of Descartes (1596 – 1650), Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626), and Baruch Spinoza (1632 – 1677) were published in Latin. Amongst the last important books written primarily in Latin prose were the works of Swedenborg (d. 1772), Linnaeus (d. 1778), Euler (d. 1783), Gauss (d. 1855), and Isaac Newton (d. 1727).

Novel [edit]

Sculpture in Berlin depicting a stack of books on which are inscribed the names of great German writers.

A novel is a long fictional prose narrative. In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the late 15th century, with the meaning of "news"; information technology came to indicate something new, without a distinction betwixt fact or fiction.^[112] The romance is a closely related long prose narrative. Walter Scott defined it every bit "a fictitious narrative in prose or poetry; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents", whereas in the novel "the events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events and the modern state of club".^[113] Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel: "a novel is le roman, der Roman, il romanzo",^[114] indicates the proximity of the forms.^[115]

Although there are many historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",^[116] the modern novel form emerges late in cultural history—roughly during the eighteenth century.^[117] Initially subject field to much criticism, the novel has acquired a dominant position amongst literary forms, both popularly and critically.^{[115] [118] [119]}

Novella [edit]

The publisher Melville Business firm classifies the novella as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a brusque story".^[120] Publishers and literary award societies typically consider a novella to exist between 17,000 and forty,000 words.^[121]

Brusk story [edit]

A dilemma in defining the "brusk story" as a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative and its contested origin,^[122] that include the Bible, and Edgar Allan Poe.^[123]

Graphic novel [edit]

Graphic novels and comic books present stories told in a combination of artwork, dialogue, and text.

Electronic literature [edit]

Electronic literature is a literary genre consisting of digital works

Nonfiction [edit]

Common literary examples of nonfiction include, the essay; travel literature and nature writing; biography, autobiography and memoir; journalism; letters; journals; history, philosophy, economic science; scientific, and technical writings.^{[4] [124]}

Nonfiction tin can fall within the broad category of literature as "any collection of written work", but some works fall within the narrower definition "by virtue of the excellence of their writing, their originality and their general artful and artistic merits".^[125]

Drama [edit]

Drama is literature intended for performance.^[126] The form is combined with music and trip the light fantastic in opera and musical theatre (see libretto). A play is a written dramatic work by a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; information technology comprises chiefly dialogue betwixt characters. A closet drama, by contrast, is written to be read rather than to be performed; the meaning of which can be realized fully on the page.^[127] Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.

The primeval course of which in that location exists substantial knowledge is Greek drama. This developed equally a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical, or mythological themes,

In the twentieth century scripts written for not-stage media have been added to this class, including radio, television and film.

Constabulary [edit]

Law and literature [edit]

The law and literature motion focuses on the interdisciplinary connection between law and literature.

Copyright [edit]

Copyright is a type of intellectual holding that gives its owner the exclusive right to make copies of a creative work, usually for a limited time.^{[128] [129] [130] [131] [132]} The creative work may exist in a literary, creative, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but non the thought itself.^{[133] [134] [135]}

United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland [edit]

Literary works accept been protected past copyright law from unauthorized reproduction since at to the lowest degree 1710.^[136] Literary works are defined past copyright law to mean "whatever piece of work, other than a dramatic or musical work, which is written, spoken or sung, and accordingly includes (a) a table or compilation (other than a database), (b) a computer plan, (c) preparatory blueprint cloth for a computer program, and (d) a database."^[137]

Literary works are all works of literature; that is all works expressed in impress or writing (other than dramatic or musical works).^[138]

United States [edit]

The copyright law of the United States has a long and complicated history, dating back to colonial times. It was established as federal police force with the Copyright Act of 1790. This act was updated many times, including a major revision in 1976.

European union [edit]

The copyright law of the European Union is the copyright constabulary applicable inside the European Union. Copyright law is largely harmonized in the Union, although country to country differences exist. The body of law was implemented in the EU through a number of directives, which the member states need to enact into their national constabulary. The master copyright directives are the Copyright Term Directive, the Information Guild Directive and the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Unmarried Marketplace. Copyright in the Union is furthermore dependent on international conventions to which the European union is a member (such as the TRIPS Agreement and conventions to which all Member States are parties (such as the Berne Convention)).

Copyright in communist countries [edit]

Copyright in Japan [edit]

Nihon was a party to the original Berne convention in 1899, so its copyright law is in sync with most international regulations. The convention protected copyrighted works for fifty years afterward the writer's death (or 50 years afterward publication for unknown authors and corporations). However, in 2004 Japan extended the copyright term to seventy years for cinematographic works. At the end of 2018, as a event of the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, the 70 year term was applied to all works.^[139] This new term is not applied retroactively; works that had entered the public domain betwixt 1999 and 2022 past expiration would remain in the public domain.

Censorship [edit]

Is a ways employed past states, religious organizations, educational institutions, etc, to command what tin be portrayed, spoken, performed, or written.^[140] By and large such bodies endeavour to ban works for political reasons, or because they deal with other controversial matters such every bit race, or sex.^[141]

A notorious case of censorship is James Joyce's novel Ulysses, which has been described by Russian-American novelist Vladimir Nabokov equally a "divine piece of work of art" and the greatest masterpiece of 20th century prose.^[142] Information technology was banned in the United states of america from 1921 until 1933 on the grounds of obscenity. Nowadays information technology is a central literary text in English language literature courses, throughout the earth.^[143]

Awards [edit]

There are numerous awards recognizing achievement and contribution in literature. Given the diversity of the field, awards are typically limited in scope, usually on: form, genre, language, nationality and output (due east.g. for start-time writers or debut novels).^[144]

The Nobel Prize in Literature was one of the 6 Nobel Prizes established by the volition of Alfred Nobel in 1895,^[145] and is awarded to an author on the basis of their body of work, rather than to, or for, a detail work itself.^{[annotation 2]} Other literary prizes for which all nationalities are eligible include: the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the Homo Booker International Prize, Pulitzer Prize, Hugo Award, Guardian Offset Volume Award and the Franz Kafka Prize.

Run across too [edit]

• Library
• Literary agent
• Literary element
• Literary magazine
• Reading
• Rhetorical modes
• Science fiction § As serious literature
• Colloquial literature

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The definition of rhetoric is a controversial subject within the field and has given ascension to philological battles over its meaning in Ancient Greece.^[26]
2. ^ However, in some instances a work has been cited in the explanation of why the award was given.

References [edit]

1. ^ "Literature: definition". Oxford Learner'southward Dictionaries.
2. ^ "Oral literature". Encyclopaedia Britannica. ; encounter also Homer.
3. ^ ^{a b} "literature | Definition, Characteristics, Genres, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
4. ^ ^{a b} OED
5. ^ "literature (n.)". Online Etymology Lexicon. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
6. ^ Meyer, Jim (1997). "What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes". Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics and Academy of N Dakota Session. 41 (1). Retrieved xi February 2014. ^{[ dead link ]}
7. ^ Finnegan, Ruth (1974). "How Oral Is Oral Literature?". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 37 (1): 52–64. doi:x.1017/s0041977x00094842. JSTOR 614104. S2CID 190730645. (subscription required)
8. ^ Leitch et al., The Norton Album of Theory and Criticism, 28
9. ^ Eagleton 2008, p. 9.
10. ^ Biswas, Critique of Poetics, 538
11. ^ "Oral literature". Encyclopedia Britannica.
12. ^ ^{a b} John Miles Foley. "What'southward in a Sign" (1999). E. Anne MacKay (ed.). Signs of Orality. BRILL Bookish. pp. 1–ii. ISBN978-9004112735.
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Bibliography [edit]

• A.R. Biswas (2005). Critique of Poetics (vol. 2). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN978-81-269-0377-1.
• Jeremy Black; Graham Cunningham; Eleanor Robson, eds. (2006). The literature of aboriginal Sumer. Oxford: OUP. ISBN978-0-19-929633-0.
• Cain, William E.; Finke, Laurie A.; Johnson, Barbara Eastward.; McGowan, John; Williams, Jeffrey J. (2001). Vincent B. Leitch (ed.). The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism . Norton. ISBN978-0-393-97429-4.
• Eagleton, Terry (2008). Literary Theory: An Introduction (Ceremony, 2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN978-1-4051-7921-8.
• Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-43878-0.
• Hogan, P. Colm (2011). What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Foster, John Lawrence (2001), Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology, Austin: University of Texas Press, p. twenty, ISBN978-0-292-72527-0
• Giraldi, William (2008). "The Novella's Long Life" (PDF). The Southern Review: 793–801. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
• Goody, Jack (2006). "From Oral to Written: An Anthropological Breakthrough in Storytelling". In Franco Moretti (ed.). The Novel, Volume 1: History, Geography, and Civilization. Princeton: Princeton Up. p. 18. ISBN978-0-691-04947-2.
• Paris, B.J. (1986). 3rd Forcefulness Psychology and the Study of Literature. Cranbury: Associated University Press.
• Preminger, Alex; et al. (1993). The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics . US: Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-02123-2.
• Ross, Trevor (1996). "The Emergence of "Literature": Making and Reading the English Catechism in the Eighteenth Century."" (PDF). ELH. 63 (2): 397–422. doi:10.1353/elh.1996.0019. S2CID 170813833. Retrieved ix February 2014.

Further reading [edit]

• Bonheim, Helmut (1982). The Narrative Modes: Techniques of the Brusque Story. Cambridge: Brewer. An overview of several hundred short stories.
• Gillespie, Gerald (January 1967). "Novella, nouvelle, novella, short novel? — A review of terms". Neophilologus. 51 (one): 117–127. doi:10.1007/BF01511303. S2CID 162102536.
• Wheeler, 50. Kip. "Periods of Literary History" (PDF). Carson-Newman University. Retrieved 18 March 2014. Brief summary of major periods in literary history of the Western tradition.

External links [edit]

• Project Gutenberg Online Library
• Internet Book List like to IMDb just for books
• Internet Archive Digital eBook Collection

gosswhishatell.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature

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